Geography- Optional
Section-A
Physical Geography
i) Geomorphology
Origin of the earth; Geological Time Scale; Interior of the earth; Types and
characteristics of rocks; Folding and Faulting; Volcanoes; Earthquakes;
Weathering; Landforms caused by fluvial, aeolian and glacial actions.
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ii) Climatology
Structure and composition of atmosphere; Temperature; Pressure belts and Wind
systems; Clouds and rainfall types; Cyclones and anti-cyclones; Major climatic
types.
iii) Oceanography
Ocean relief; Temperature; Salinity; Ocean deposits; Ocean currents, El Nino and
La Nino; Waves and tides.
iv) Biogeography
Origin and types of soils; Major biomes of the world; Ecosystem and food chain;
Environmental degradation and conservation.
Section-B
Human Geography
i) Man and Environment Relationship
Growth and development of Human Geography; Concepts of Determinism and
Possibilism.
ii) Population
Races of mankind and tribes; growth and distribution of world population;
migration; population problems of developed and developing countries.
iii) Economic Activities
Food gathering and hunting; pastoral herding; fishing and forestry; Types of
agriculture-shifting, subsistence, commercial and plantation; Mining, Power;
Manufacturing -locational factors of textile, iron and steel, sugar and
fertilizer industries; Tertiary activities-trade, transport, communication and
services.
iv) Settlements
Origin, types and patterns of rural settlements; Processes of urbanisation;
morphology and functional classification of towns; million-cities and
mega-cities.
Section-C
Geography of the World
i) Major Natural Regions : Characteristics, economic base and human
adaptation.
ii) Regional Geography of Developed Countries : Canada, U.S.A., Western
Europe, Russia, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
iii) Regional Geography of Developing Countries : S.E. Asia, S.W. Asia,
China, Southern Africa and Brazil.
iv) Regional Geography of South Asia.
Section-D
Geography of India
i) Physical Setting
Landforms, drainage, climate, soils and natural vegetation.
ii) Economic Base
Minerals & energy resources, aquatic resources, forest resources; irrigation,
agriculture and industries; trade and commerce.
iii) Population
Growth, distribution and density; demographic characteristics.
iv) Environmental problems, developmental issues and regional planning.
Section-E
Geographical Thought
i) Ancient Period : Contributions of Indians, Greeks, Romans and Arabs.
ii) Pre-Modern Period : Contribution of Verenius, Kant, Humboldt and
Ritter.
iii) Modern Period : Dichotomy of determinism and possibilism;
contributions of Ratzel, Semple, Huntington and La Blache.
iv) Recent Period : Quantitive Revolution; Radicalism, Behaviouralism and
Humanism.
Section-F
Techniques of Geographical Analysis
i) Maps : Scale and types, uses.
ii) Diagrams : Types and uses
iii) Projections : Types, characteristics and uses.
iv) Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) : Aerial
photographs and imagery, GIS.
Top
Main Examination of Civil Services Exam
Paper-I
Principles of Geography
Section-A
Physical Geography
i) Geomorphology : Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic
and exogenetic forces; origin and evolution of the earth�s crust; physical
conditions of the earth�s interior; geosynclines; continental drift; isostasy;
sea-floor spreading; plate tectonics; mountain building; volcanicity;
earthquakes; concepts of geomorphic cycles; landforms associated with fluvial,
arid, glacial, coastal and karst cycle; groundwater; Applied Geomorphology.
ii) Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; heat
budget of the earth; atmospheric circulation; planetary and local winds;
monsoons and jet streams; air masses and fronts; temperate and tropical
cyclones; types and distribution of precipitation; Koppen�s and Thornthwaite�s
classification of world climate; hydrological cycle; climatic change.
iii) Oceanography : Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific
Oceans; temperature and salinity of the oceans; ocean deposits; ocean currents
and tides; marine resources�biotic, mineral and energy resources; coral reefs;
sea-level changes.
iv) Biogeography : Genesis of soils; classification and distribution of
soils; soil profile; soil erosion and conservation; factors influencing world
distribution of plants and animals; problems of deforestation and conservation
measures; social forestry, agro-forestry.
v) Environmental Geography : Human ecological adaptations; transformation
of nature by man; environmental degradation and conservawtin; ecosystems and
their management; global ecological imbalances�problems of pollution, global
warming, reduction in bio-diversity and depletion of forests.
Section-B
Human Geography
i) Perspectives in Human Geography : A real differentiation; regional
synthesis; dichotomy and dualism; environmentalism; quantitative revolution and
locational analysis; radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches;
cultural regions of the world human and welfare approaches; cultural regions of
the world; human development indicators.
ii) Economic Geography : World economic develpment�measurement and
problems; world resources and their distribution; energy crisis; the limits to
growth; world agriculture�typology of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs
and productivity; food and nutrition problems; famine�causes, effects and
remedies; world industries�location patterns and problems; patterns of world
trade.
iii) Population and Settlement Geography : Growth and distribution of
world population; demographic atrributes; causes and consequencies of migration;
concepts of over�, under� and optimum population; world population problems.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; hierarchy of urban settlements; concept
of primate city and rank-size rule; functional classificatipn of towns; sphere
of urban influence; rural-urban fringe; satellite town; problems of
urbanisation.
iv) Regional Planning : Concept of a region; types of regions and methods
of regionalisation; growth centres and growth poles; regional imbalances;
environmental issues in regional planning; planning for sustainable development.
v) Models, Theories and Laws in Human Geography : System analysis in
Human Geography; Malthusian, Marxian and Demographic Transition models; Central
Place theories of Christaller and Losch; Von Thunen�s model of agricultural
location; Weber�s model of industrial location; Rostov�s model of stages of
growth. Heart-land and Rimland theories; laws of international boundaries and
frontiers.
Note : Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map
question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.
Paper-II
Geography of India
Section-A.
i) Physical Setting : Space relationship of India with neighbouring
countries; structure and relief; drainage system and watersheds; physiographic
regions; mechanism of Indian monsoons; tropical cyclones and western
distrubances; floods and droughts; climatic regions; natural vegetation, soil
types and their distributions.
ii) Resources : Land, surface and groundwater, energy, minerals, and
biotic resources, their distribution, utilisation and conservation; energy
crisis.
iii) Agriculture : Infrastructure�irrigation, seeds, fertilizers, power;
institutional factors�land holdings, land tenure and land reforms; agricultural
productivity, agricultural intensity, crop combination, land capability;
agro-and social forestry; green revolution and its socio-economic and ecological
implications; significance of dry farming; livestock resources and white
revolution; blue revolution; agricultural regionalisation; agro-climatic zones.
iv) Industry : Evolution of industries; locational factors of cotton,
jute, iron and steel, fertiliser, paper, drugs and pharmaceutical, automobile
and cottage indusries; industrial complexes and industrial regionalisaiton; new
industrial policy; multinationals and liberalisation.
v) Transport, Communication and Trade : Road, railway, waterway, airway
and pipeline networks and their complementary roles in regional development;
growing importance of ports on national and foreign trade, trade balance; free
trade and export promotion zones; developments in communication technology and
its impact on economy and society.
Section-B
i) Cultural Setting : Racial and ethnic diversities; major tribes, tribal
areas and their problems; role of langague, religion and tradition in the
formation of cultural regions; growth, distribution and density of population;
demographic attributes�sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force,
dependency ratio and longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra-regional and
international) and associated problems, population problems and policies.
ii) Settlements : Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements;
urban development; census definition of urban areas; morphology of Indian
cities; functional classification of Indian cities; conurbations and
metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; slums and associated problems; town
planning; problems of urbanisaiton.
iii) Regional Development and Planning: Experience of regional planning
in India; Five Year Plans; integrated rural development programmes; panchayati
raj and decentralised planning; command area development; watershed management;
planning for backward area, desert drought-prone, hill and tribal area
development; multi-level planning; geography and regional planning.
iv) Political Aspects : Geographical basis of Indian federalism; state
reorganisation; regional consciousness and national integration; international
boundary of India and related issues; disputes on sharing of water resources;
India and geopolitics of the Indian Ocean.
v) Contemporary Issues : Environmental hazards�landslides, earthquakes,
floods and droughts, epidemics; issues related to environmental pollution;
changes in patterns of land use; principles of environmental impact assessment
and environmental management; population explosion and food security;
environmental degradation; problems of agrarian and industrial unrest; regional
disparities in economic development; concept of sustainable growth and
development.
Note : Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map
question pertinent to subjects covered by this paper.
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AKHAND PRATAP SINGH
