Section-A
1.1 Atomic structure : Schrodinger wave equation, significance of and
2quantum numbers and their significance, radial and angular
probability, shapes of orbitals, relative energies of atomic orbitals as a
function of atomic number.
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A D V E R T I S E M E N T
Electronic configurations of elements; Aufbau
principle, Hund's multiplicity rule, Pauli exclusion principle.
1.2 Chemical periodicity : Periodic classification of elements, salient
characteristics of s,p,d and f block elements. Periodic trends of atomic radii,
ionic radii, ionisation potential, electron affinity and electronegativity in
the periodic table.
1.3 Chemical bonding : Types of bonding, overlap of atomic orbitals,
sigma and pi bonds, hydrogen and metallic bonds. Shapes of molecules, bond
order, bond length, V.S.E.P.R. theory and bond angles. The concept of
hybridization and shapes of molecules and ions.
1.4 Oxidation states and oxidation number : Oxidation and reduction,
oxidation numbers, common redox reactions, ionic equations. Balancing of
equations for oxidation and reduction reactions.
1.5 Acids and bases : Bronsted and Lewis theories of acids and bases.
Hard and soft acids and bases. HSAB principle, relative strengths of acids and
bases and the effect of substituents and solvents on their strength.
1.6 Chemistry of elements :
(i) Hydrogen: Its unique position in the periodic table, isotopes, ortho
and para hydrogen, industrial production, heavy water.
(ii) Chemistry of s and p block elements : electronic configuration,
general characteristics properties, inert pair effect, allotropy and catenation.
Special emphasis on solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metals in liquid
ammonia. Preparation, properties and structures of boric acid, borates, boron
nitrides, borohydride (diborane), carboranes, oxides and oxyacids of nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulphur and chlorine; interhalogen compounds, polyhalide ions,
pseudohalogens, fluorocarbons and basic properties of halogens. Chemical
reactivity of noble gases, preparation, structure and bonding of noble gas
compounds.
(iii) Chemistry of d block elements: Transition metals including
lanthanides, general characteristic properties, oxidation states, magnetic
behaviour, colour. First row transition metals and general properties of their
compounds (oxides, halides and sulphides); lanthanide contraction.
1.7 Extraction of metals : Principles of extraction of metals as
illustrated by sodium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, nickel, copper, silver and
gold.
1.8 Nuclear Chemistry : Nuclear reactions; mass defect and binding
energy, nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear reactors; radioisotopes and their
applications.
1.9 Coordination compounds : Nomenclature, isomerism and theories of
coordination compounds and their role in nature and medicine.
1.10 Pollution and its control : Air pollution, types of air pollutants;
control of air and water pollution; radioactive pollution.
Section-B
(Organic Chemistry)
2.1 Bonding and shapes of organic molecules : Electronegativity, electron
displacements-inductive, mesomeric and hyperconjugative effects; bond polarity
and bond polarizability, dipole moments of organic molecules; hydrogen bond;
effects of solvent and structure on dissociation constants of acids and bases;
bond formation, fission of covalent bonds : homolysis and heterolysis; reaction
intermediates-carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes; generation,
geometry and stability; nucleophiles and electrophiles.
2.2 Chemistry of aliphatic compounds: Nomenclature; alkenes-synthesis,
reactions (free radical halogenation) -- reactivity and selectivity,
sulphonation-detergents; cycloalkanes-Baeyer's strain theory; alkenes and
alkynes-synthesis, electrohilic addition reactions, Markownikov's rule, peroxide
effects, 1- 3-dipolar addtion; nucleophilic addition to electron-deficient
alkenes; polymerisation; relative acidity; synthesis and reactions of alkyl
halides, alkanols, alkanals, alkanones, alkanoic acids, esters, amides,
nitriles, amines, acid anhydrides, a, �-unsaturated ketones, ethers and nitro
compounds.
2.3 Stereochemistry of carbon compounds : Elements of symmetry, chiral
and achiral compounds. Fischer projection formulae; optical isomerism of lactic
and tartaric acids, enantiomerism and diastereoisomerism; configuration
(relative and absolute); conformations of alkanes upto four carbons, cyclohexane
and dimethylcyclo-hexanes-their potential energy. D, L-and
R, S-notations of compounds containing chiral centres;
projection formulae-Fischer, Newman and sawhorse-of compounds containing two
adjacent chiral centres; meso and dl-isomers, erythro and threo isomers;
racemization and resolution; examples of homotopic, enantiotopic and
diasteretopic atoms and groups in organic compounds, geometrical isomers;
E and Z notations. Stereochemistry of SN1, SN2, E1 and E2
reactions.
2.4 Organometallic compounds : Preparation and synthetic uses of Grignard
reagents, alkyl lithium compounds.
2.5 Active methylene compounds : Diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate,
ethyl cyanoacetate-applications in organic synthesis; tautomerism (keto-enol).
2.6 Chemistry of aromatic compounds : Aromaticity; Huckel's rule;
electrophilic aromatic substitution-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation
(nuclear and side chain), Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, substituents
effect; chemistry and reactivity of aromatic halides, phenols, nitro-, diazo,
diazonium and sulphonic acid derivatives, benzyne reactions.
2.7 Chemistry of biomolecules : (i) Carobhydrates :
Classification, reactions, structure of glucose, D, L-configuration, osazone
formation; fructose and sucrose; step-up step-down of aldoses and ketoses, and
ther interconversions, (ii) Amino acdis : Essential amino acids;
zwitterions, isoelectric point, polypeptides; proteins; methods of synthesis of
-amino acids. (iii) Elementary idea of oils, fats, soaps and detergents.
2.8 Basic principles and applications of UV, visible, IR and NMR
spectroscopy of simple organic molecules.
Section-C
(Physical Chemistry)
3.1 Gaseous state : Deviation of real gases from the equation of state
for an ideal gas, van der Waals and Virial equation of state, critical
phenomena, principle of corresponding states, equation for reduced state.
Liquification of gases, distribution of molecular speed, collisions between
molecules in a gas; mean free path, speicific heat of gases
3.2 Thermodynamics : (i) First law and its applications:
Thermodynamic systems, states and processes, work, heat and internal energy,
zeroth law of thermodynamics, various types of work done on a system in
reversible and irreversible processes. Calorimetry and thermochemistry, enthalpy
and enthalpy changes in various physical and chemical processes, Joule-Thomson
effect, inversion temperautre. Heat capacities and temperature dependence of
enthalpy and energy changes.
(ii) Second law and its applications : Spontaneity of a process, entropy
and entropy changes in various processes, free energy functions, criteria for
equilibrium, relation between equilibrium constant and thermodynamic quantities.
3.3 Phase rule and its applications : Equilibrium bewteen liquid, solid
and vapours of a pure substance, Clausius-Clapeyron equation and its
applications. Number of components, phases and degrees of freedom; phase rule
and its applications; simple systems with one (water and sulphur) and two
components (lead-silver, salt hydrates). Distribution law, its modifications,
limitations and applications.
3.4 Solutions : Solubility and its temperature dependence, partially
miscible liquids, upper and lower critical solution temperatres, vapour
pressures of liquids over their mixtures, Raoult's and Henry's laws, fractional
and steam distillations.
3.5 Colligative Properties : Dilute solutions and colligative properties,
determination of molecular weights using colligative properties.
3.6 Electrochemistry : Ions in solutions, ionic equilibria, dissociation
constants of acids and bases, hydrolysis, pH and buffers, theory of indicators
and acid-base titrations. Conductivity of ionic solutions, its variation with
concentration, Ostwald's dilution law, Kohlrausch law and its application.
Transport number and its determination. Faraday's laws of electrolysis, galvanic
cells and measurements of their e.m.f., cell reactions, standard cell, standard
reduction potential, Nernst equation, relation between thermodynamic quantities
and cell e.m.f., fuel cells, potentiometric titrations.
3.7 Chemical kinetics : Rate of chemical reaction and its dependence on
concentrations of the reactants, rate constant and order of reaction and their
experimental determination; differential and integral rate equations for first
and second order reaction, half-life periods; temperature dependence of rate
constant and Arrhenius parameters; elementary ideas regarding collision and
transition state theory.
3.8 Photochemistry : Absorption of light, laws of photochemistry, quantum
yield, the excited state and its decay by radiative, nonradiative and chemical
pathways; simple photochemical reactions.
3.9 Catalysis : Homogeneous and heterogeneous
catalysis and their characteristics, mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis;
enzyme catalysed reactions (Michaelis-Menten mechanism).
3.10 Colloids : The colloidal state, preparation and
purification of colloids and their characteristics properties; lyophilic and
lyophobic colloids and coagulation; protection of colloids; gels, emulsions,
surfactants and micelles.
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AKHAND PRATAP SINGH
